Military Ranks

Military ranks, designations and description in the Second World War in international comparison.

Ranks in the National Armies and Air Forces of World War II and the promotion system in the German Army.

Origin of Military Ranks

The origin of military ranks dates back to ancient civilizations, evolving over time.

Ancient origins:
– Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome had military hierarchies.
– Roman legions used ranks like centurion and tribune.

Medieval period:
– Feudal systems influenced military structures.
– Knighthood and chivalric orders introduced new ranks.

16th-17th centuries:
– Modern rank structures began to emerge.
– Terms like “captain,” “lieutenant,” and “sergeant” came into use.

18th-19th centuries:
– Napoleonic Wars greatly influenced rank structures.
– Standardization of ranks across different armies began.

20th century to present:
– World Wars led to further refinement and standardization.
– NATO standardized rank structures among member countries.

Key factors in rank development:
– Need for clear chain of command
– Professionalization of military service
– Technological advancements in warfare
– Political and social changes

Many current ranks have etymological roots in various languages:
– “Lieutenant” (French: “place holder”)
– “Captain” (Latin: “head” or “chief”)
– “Colonel” (Italian: “column leader”)
– “General” (Latin: “of a whole kind”)

The specific evolution of ranks varies by country and military tradition, but these general trends apply to many Western military structures.

Promotions in the German Army

Promotions in the German Army before the First World War took place after the years of service and were extremely slow compared to today’s conditions. It usually took 15 years from lieutenant to captain and another ten years from there to major. For this reason the mass of German officers ended their active career with the rank of Major.

In order to be promoted beyond that as an officer, a general staff training was unavoidable. Therefore, the lower ranks were practically excluded due to their low level of education. These General Staff officers were determined by examination results, with only the best being accepted. They provided only about three to four percent of all officers in peace and could expect much faster promotion even at that time.

On the one hand, this system ensured that a stubborn ‘Colonel Blimp’ in the German army was sorted out before it reached the rank of colonel. However, these less suitable, older officers with their questionable qualifications remained on their post for a long time as commanders of companies or battalions.

During the First World War these ranks had to be combed out again and again in order to get rid of the most incompetent elements. In the year 1914 this happened already twice, in 1915 also, in 1916 already three times and in 1917 even seven times, while in the last year of war two combs were made again.

In the German Army (called Reichswehr) after the First World War, the promotion procedure was largely retained. In the case of the army, which was severely limited in scope by the Treaty of Versailles, this meant that promotions were even slower than before the war.
Seeckt therefore introduced a reform in which superiors of all ranks had to assess their subordinates, which became the main criterion for promotions.

From 1920 onwards, more emphasis was therefore placed on ‘character’ properties. This included honesty, selflessness, commitment and a sense of responsibility. Eager earners were not desired, while the ability to convey and maintain trust was regarded as the most important virtue.
In order to prevent abuse of the new procedure, the authors of the evaluations were informed that they would be judged according to the reliability of their evaluation sheets. The whole evaluation should be as short as possible and should be limited to the essential, such as personality, character, professional qualification and achievement.
By this new system an officer of the Reichswehr could normally assume that he would make it to the Regiment Commander, which at that time was an important position in the German army.
In order to achieve a higher rank, the General Staff training and the activity of a General Staff Officer (Ia) in a division was necessary. Only then could one become a division commander.

The limited possibilities for promotions in this very limited army of the Reichswehr threatened to have a damaging effect on the spirit of the officer corps. Therefore, the personnel office of the Reichswehr introduced a procedure in which, in addition to seniority, the individual abilities of exceptionally qualified officers were taken into account.
On average, about 15 percent of all officers of the Reichswehr were promoted because of their special aptitude. The majority of them were General Staff officers who must have served in a combat unit before, but other officers were also considered in exceptional cases.
This preferential promotion caused a steep increase in the careers of the selected officers, who on average jumped over 200 to 275 senior officers. Thus, the limited possibilities for promotion which had arisen from the Treaty of Versailles were again compensated for, even if only for a minority of those affected.

With Hitler‘s assumption of power things changed and the strong expansion of the army quickly led to an enlargement and rejuvenation of the officer corps. Nevertheless, the procedure of the Reichswehr during the Weimar Republic was maintained and the thirties of the last century thus became the ‘golden years’ of some ‘career makers’ in the new Wehrmacht.

The assessment system was also maintained, with the officers in the troops now being assessed in even years and those of the General Staff in odd years. This procedure, however, led to excessive attention for the officers of the General Staff, which was out of all proportion to their small numbers.
In all the assessments, each officer had to be assessed by his superior as ‘above average’, ‘average’ or ‘below average’, with the latter classification leading directly to dismissal in the pre-war period.

Each army division also had lists in which its officers were divided into seven categories.
Category 1: Officers who were suitable for the high command of the Wehrmacht or the army.
Category 2: Suitable for the General Staff.
Category 3: suitable as adjutant.
Category 4: Officers with special suitability for further training.
Category 5: Those who, for health reasons, must be spared until further notice.
Category 6: Officers who were not suitable for the next higher rank.
Category 7: Those who were already unsuitable for their current position.

These division lists and evaluation sheets on officers enabled the Army Personnel Office to make excellent decisions on promotions and deployment. In addition, the members of the Office often visited the troops and were present during maneuvers and exercises, so that they knew and could classify practically all generals and general staff officers personally.

Even in the early years of the Second World War, this system, which had been in existence in Prussia for centuries since the time of Frederick the Great, was retained. However, the increasing bloody losses at the front meant that seniority was no longer taken so seriously, but that performance in the field was valued higher.

In November 1942, however, Hitler issued a direct order to the Army Personnel Office to reform the procedure in order to adapt to current circumstances. Excerpts from the order state that ‘the Fuehrer has ordered that every active officer, in reserve or for use must have led a front unit in combat and have demonstrated the requisite aptitude to be promoted to the grade appropriate to his completed post. The Fuehrer wishes, in addition, to record and promote officers of exceptional personality and ability, regardless of age or seniority, who appear suitable for use in authoritative command posts. A uniform promotion of all officers according to seniority is contrary to the principle of performance and leadership, to which the Wehrmacht must be committed with the highest responsibility for the final victory ….
The front officers were deliberately emphasized first and foremost by this decree. These officers are the closest to death and should be the first to benefit from these opportunities for promotion.’

During the second half of the war, this change significantly accelerated the promotion of front-line officers, especially those who took the place of killed predecessors.
A second lieutenant as company commander could thus become lieutenant after just two months or the commander of a battalion could move from lieutenant to captain within six months.

With the duration of the war, it became more and more a prerequisite for promotion that officers earn their promotion with performance on the front. From July 1944 onwards, one could only be promoted as an officer in the General Staff if one had qualified for it at the front-line. And a new character trait ‘crisis-proof’ was introduced at Hitler’s insistence at the Army Personnel Office, and the significance of seniority became less and less important compared to the character traits.

This system clearly resulted in only officers with proven front-line skills were promoted, but at the expense of the traditional values of corps spirit among officers. This may have been in Hitler’s interest.
In any case, all these changes did not fail to have an effect, as the promotions in the second half of 1943 show.
There were three promotions to the Colonel General, all of which were only preferred and not according to seniority.
Of the 26 promotions to generals, only one was based on seniority.
Of the 86 new Lieutenants General, 67 or just under 80 per cent were promoted preferentially.
Only among the 154 promotions to the Major-General did seniority predominate, as 96 or 62.3 per cent of them were given the new rank.
Of the 328 new colonels, 198 or more than 60 percent were given preferential promotion.
206 of the 309 lieutenant-colonels or 67.7 percent were given preferential promotion.
Of the 984 new majors, 945 or 96 per cent were given preferential promotion.

For this purpose a number of officers were subsequently promoted to their current positions, who had taken over in the order of precedence through the death of their predecessor. These figures were directly related to the losses of the respective arms category.
Thus, 57 percent of the infantry officers were subsequently promoted to their current positions. The infantry lost 53 percent of its officers.
In the case of the Panzer troops, 19 per cent were subsequently promoted to 20 per cent of the officers’ losses.
For artillery, this figure was 16 per cent and for officers 18 per cent losses.
Among the engineers there were six per cent subsequent promotions with seven per cent officer losses.
The figures for the intelligence and communication troops were one to two per cent losses and for the general staff one per cent of the officers were subsequently promoted.

The more dangerous the deployment of the officers was, the clearly faster the promotion took place during the last war years of the Second World War.

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Ranks in the National Armies and Air Forces

Military Ranks Part I:

Ranking, Description	Germany (Army)	Germany (Air Force)	Germany (Waffen-SS)	Great Britain (Army)	Great Britain (RAF)	United States (Army/Air Force)
01 1st Marshal	-	Reichsmarschall	-	-	Marshal of the RAF	-
02 Senior Marshal	-	-	-	-	Air Chief Marshal	-
03 Field Marshal	General-feldmarschall	General-feldmarschall	-	Field-Marshal	Air Marshal	-
04 General (I)	Generaloberst	Generaloberst	SS-Obergruppen-führer u.Gen.Obst.d.W-SS	General	Air Vice Marshal	General of the Armies of the United States (1945: General of the Army)
05 General (II)	General der Infanterie (etc for arms)	General der Flieger	SS-Obergruppen-führer u.Gen.d.W-SS	-	-	General
06 General (III)	-	-	-	-	-	-
07 Lieutenant-General	Generalleutnant	Generalleutnant	SS-Gruppen-führer u.Gen.Lt.d.W-SS	Lieutenant-General	-	Lieutenant-General
08 Major-General	Generalmajor	Generalmajor	SS-Brigade-führer u.Gen.Maj.d.W-SS	Major-General	-	Major-General
09 Brigadier	-	-	SS-Oberführer	Brigadier	Air Commodore	Brigadier-General
10 Colonel	Oberst	Oberst	SS-Standarten-führer	Colonel	Group Captain	Colonel
11 Lieutenant-Colonel	Oberstleutnant	Oberstleutnant	SS-Obersturm-bannführer	Lieutenant-Colonel	Wing Commander	Lieutenant-Colonel
12 Major	Major	Major	SS-Sturmbann-führer	Major	Squadron Leader	Major
13 Captain (I)	Hauptmann bzw Rittmeister	Hauptmann	SS-Hauptsturm-führer	Captain	Flight Lieutenant	Captain
14 Captain (II)	-	-	-	-	-	-
15 Lieutenant (I)	Oberleutnant	Oberleutnant	SS-Obersturm-führer	Lieutenant	Flying Officer	First Lieutenant
16 Lieutenant (II)	-	-	-	-	-	-
17 2nd Lieutenant	Leutnant	Leutnant	SS-Untersturm-führer	2nd Lieutenant	Pilot Officer	Second Lieutenant
18 Ensign	-	-	-	-	-	-
19 Warrant Officer (I)	-	-	-	Regimental/Staff-Sergant-Major etc	Warrant Officer	Chief Warrant Officer
20 Warrant Officer (II)	-	-	-	Regtl. Quartermaster Sgt., Company Sergeant-Major	-	Warrant Officer junior grade
21 Warrant Officer (III)	-	-	-	Platoon Sergeant-Major	-	-
22 Warrant Officer (IV)	-	-	-	-	-	-
23 Staff Sergeant	Stabsfeldwebel or Wachtmeister	-	SS-Sturmschar-führer	-	-	Master Sergeant
24 Sergeant-Major	Oberfeldwebel or Wachtmeister	Oberfeldwebel oder Wachtmeister	SS-Hauptschar-führer	Colour Sergeant	Flight Sergeant	First Sergeant
25 Senior Sergeant	Feldwebel or Wachtmeister	Feldwebel oder Wachtmeister	SS-Oberschar-führer	Sergeant	Sergeant	Technical Sergeant
26 Sergeant	Unterfeldwebel oder Wachtmeister	Unterfeldwebel oder Wachtmeister	SS-Scharführer	-	-	Staff Sergeant
27 Lance-Sergeant	-	-	-	Corporal oder Lance-Sergeant	-	Sergeant
28 Staff-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
29 Corporal-Major	-	-	-	-	-	-
30 Corporal	Unteroffizier or Oberjäger	Unteroffizier or Oberjäger	SS-Unterschar-führer	Corporal or Bombardier	Corporal	Corporal
31 Staff Lance-Corporal	-	Stabsgefreiter	-	-	-	-
32 Lance-Corporal-Major	Stabsgefreiter	Hauptgefreiter	-	-	-	-
33 Senior Lance-Corporal	Obergfreiter	Obergefreiter	SS-Rottenführer	-	-	-
34 Lance-Corporal	Gefreiter	Gefreiter	SS-Sturmmann	Lance-Corporal	Leading Aircraftman	-
35 Superior Private	-	-	-	-	-	-
36 Private 1st Class	Oberschütze	-	SS-Oberschütze	-	Aircraftman 1st class	Private first class
37 Private 2nd Class	-	-	-	-	-	-
38 Private	Schütze	Soldat or Flieger	SS-Schütze	Private	Aircraftmen 2nd class	Private
39 Cadet	-	-	-	-	-	-

Military Ranks Part II:

Ranking, Description	Soviet Union (1939-40)	Soviet Union (1940-45)	Japan (Army/Air force)	Italy (Army)	Italy (Air Force)	France (Army/Air Force)
01 1st Marshal	Marshal Sovetskogo Soyuza	Marshal Sovetskogo Soyuza	-	1° Marescillo dell'Impero	-	-
02 Senior Marshal	-	Glavnyy Marshal (Arilleriyi etc)	-	Maresciallo d'Italia	Maresciallo dell Avia	Marechal de France
03 Field Marshal	-	Marshal (Aviatsiyi etc)	Gen-sui	-	-	-
04 General (I)	Komandarm Pervogo Ranga	General Armiyi	Tai-Sho	Generale d'Armata	Generale d'Armata Aerea	General d' Armee
05 General (II)	Kommandarm Vtorogo Ranga	General Polkovnik	-	Generale di C.A. designato d'Armata	Generale di Corpo d'Armata Aerea	General de Corps d'Armee
06 General (III)	Kommandir Korpusa	-	-	Generale di Corpo d'Armata	Generale di Squadra Aerea	-
07 Lieutenant-General	Kommandir Diviziyi	General Leytenant	Chu-Jo	Generale di Divisione	Generale di Divisione Aerea	General de Division
08 Major-General	Kommandir Brigady	General Major	Sho-Sho	Generale di Brigata	Generale di Brigata Aerea	General de Brigade
09 Brigadier	-	-	-	-	-	-
10 Colonel	Polkovnik	Polkovnik	Tai-Sa	Colonnello	Colonnello	Colonel
11 Lieutenant-Colonel	-	Podpolkovnik	Chu-Sa	Tenente Colonnello	Tenente Colonnello	Lieutenant-Colonel
12 Major	Major	Major	Sho-Sa	Maggiore	Maggiore	Chef de Bataillon
13 Captain (I)	Kapitan	Kapitan	Tai-i	1° Capitano	1° Capitano	Capitaine
14 Captain (II)	-	-	-	Capitano	Capitano	-
15 Lieutenant (I)	Starshiy Leytenant	Starshiy Leytenant	Chu-i	1° Tenente	1° Tenente	Lieutenant
16 Lieutenant (II)	Leytenant	Leytenant	-	Tenente	Tenente	-
17 2nd Lieutenant	Mladshiy Leytenant	Mladshiy Leytenant	Sho-i	Sottotenente	Sottitenente	Sous-Lieutenant
18 Ensign	-	-	-	-	-	-
19 Warrant Officer (I)	-	-	Tokumo So-Cho	Aiutante di Battaglia	Aiutante di Battaglia	Adjudant-Chef
20 Warrant Officer (II)	-	-	-	Maresciallo Maggiore	Maresciallo Maggiore	Adjudant
21 Warrant Officer (III)	-	-	-	Maresciallo Capo	Maresciallo Capo	-
22 Warrant Officer (IV)	-	-	-	Maresciallo Ordinario	Maresciallo Ordinario	-
23 Staff Sergeant	-	-	-	-	-	-
24 Sergeant-Major	Starshina	Starshina	So-Cho	Sergente Maggiore	Sergente Maggiore	Sergent-Chef
25 Senior Sergeant	Starshiy Serzhant	Starshiy Serzhant	-	-	-	-
26 Sergeant	Serzhant	Serzhant	Gun-So	Sergente	Sergente	Sergent
27 Lance-Sergeant	Mladshiy Serzhant	Mladshiy Serzhant	-	-	-	-
28 Staff-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
29 Corporal-Major	-	-	-	Corporale Maggiore	Primo Aviere	Caporal-Chef
30 Corporal	Yefreytor	Yefreytor	Go-Cho	Corporale	Aviere Scelto	Caporal
31 Staff Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
32 Lance-Corporal-Major	-	-	-	-	-	-
33 Senior Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
34 Lance-Corporal	-	-	Go-Cho Kimmu Joto Hei	-	-	-
35 Superior Private	-	-	Joto Hei	-	-	-
36 Private 1st Class	-	-	Itto Hei	Appuntato (Cavalry)	-	Soldat de 1ere Classe
37 Private 2nd Class	-	-	Nito Hei	-	-	-
38 Private	Krasnoarmeyets	Krasnoarmeyets	-	Soldato	Aviere	Soldat de 2ene Classe
39 Cadet	-	-	-	-	-	Aspirant

Military Ranks Part III:

Ranking, Description	Belgium (Army/Air Force)	Bulgaria (Army/Air Force)	China (Army/Air Force)	Denmark (Army/Air Force)	Finland (Army/Air Force)	Hungary (Army/Air Force)
01 1st Marshal	-	-	-	-	Sotamarsalkka	-
02 Senior Marshal	-	-	-	-	-	-
03 Field Marshal	-	-	T'e Chih Shang Chiang	-	-	Tabornagy
04 General (I)	-	General	I Chi Shang Chiang	General	Kenraali	Vezerezredes
05 General (II)	-	-	Erh Chi Shang Chiang	-	-	-
06 General (III)	-	-	-	-	-	-
07 Lieutenant-General	Lieutenant-General or Luitenant-Generaal	General-Leytenant	Chiung Chiang	Generallojtnant	Kenraaliluutnantti	Altabornagy
08 Major-General	General-Major or Generaal-Majoor	General-Major	Shao Chiang	Generalmajor	Kenraalimajuri	Vezerörnagy
09 Brigadier	-	-	-	-	-	-
10 Colonel	Colonel or Kolonel	Polkovnik	Shang Hsiao	Oberst	Eversti	Ezredes
11 Lieutenant-Colonel	Lieutenant-Colonel or Luitenant-Kolonel	Popdpolkovnik	Chung Hsiao	Oberstlojtnant	Everstiluutnantti	Alezredes
12 Major	Major or Majoor	Major	Shao Hsiao	-	Majuri	Örnagy
13 Captain (I)	Captaine-Commandant or Kapitein-Kommandant	Kapitan	Shang Wei	Kaptajn	Kapteeni	Szazados
14 Captain (II)	Capitaine oder Kapitein	-	-	Kaptajnloitnant	-	-
15 Lieutenant (I)	Lieutenant or Luitenant	Poruchik	Chung wei	Prmeierlojtnant	Luutnantti	Föhadnagy
16 Lieutenant (II)	-	-	-	Lojtnant af Reseven	-	-
17 2nd Lieutenant	Sous-Lieutenant or Onder-Luitenant	Podporuchik	Shao Wei	Sekundlojtnant	Vänrikki	Hadnagy
18 Ensign	-	-	-	-	-	-
19 Warrant Officer (I)	Adjudant de 1ere Classe or Adjutant 1ere Vilos	Feldfebel	Chun Wei	Korpsofficaint	Sotilasmestari	Alhadnagy
20 Warrant Officer (II)	Adjudant or Adjutant	-	-	Stabsofficiant	-	-
21 Warrant Officer (III)	-	-	-	Overofficiant	-	-
22 Warrant Officer (IV)	-	-	-	Officiant	-	-
23 Staff Sergeant	-	-	-	-	-	Fötörsörmester
24 Sergeant-Major	1er Sergent-Major or 1ere Sergeant-Majoor	-	Shang Shih	Oversergent	Vääpeli	Törzsörnester
25 Senior Sergeant	Premier Sergent or 1ere Sergeant	-	-	-	Ylikersantti	-
26 Sergeant	Sergent or Sergeant	Podofitser	Chung Shih	Sergent	Kersantti	Örmester
27 Lance-Sergeant	-	-	-	-	Alikersantti	-
28 Staff-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
29 Corporal-Major	-	-	-	-	-	Szajaszcezetö
30 Corporal	Caporal or Korporaal	Kandidat Prodofitser	Hsia Shih	Korporal	Korpraali	Tizedes
31 Staff Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
32 Lance-Corporal-Major	-	-	-	-	-	-
33 Senior Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
34 Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	Underkorporal	-	-
35 Superior Private	-	-	Shang Teng Ping	-	-	-
36 Private 1st Class	Soldat d'elite or Soldaat 1ere Klasse	Efreytor	I Teng Ping	-	-	Örvezetö
37 Private 2nd Class	-	-	Erh Teng Ping	-	-	-
38 Private	Soldate or Soldaat	Rednik	-	Menig	Sotamies	Honved
39 Cadet	-	Ofitserski Kandidat	-	-	-	Zaszlos

Military Ranks Part IV:

Ranking, Description	Greece (Army)	Greece (Air Force)	Netherlands (Army/Air Force)	Norway (Army/Air Force)	Poland (Army/Air Force)	Yugoslavia (Army/Air Force)
01 1st Marshal	-	-	-	-	-	-
02 Senior Marshal	-	-	-	-	Marszalek Polski	-
03 Field Marshal	Stratigos	-	-	-	-	Vojvoda
04 General (I)	Archistratigos	Pterarchos	Generaal	General	General Broni	Armijski Djeneral
05 General (II)	-	-	-	-	-	-
06 General (III)	-	-	-	-	-	-
07 Lieutenant-General	Anitistratigos	Antipterarchos	Luitenant-Generaal	Generalloytnant	General Dywizji	Divizijski Djeneral
08 Major-General	Ypostratigos	Ypopterarchos	Generaal-Majoor	Generlmajor	General Brygady	Brigadni Djeneral
09 Brigadier	-	Taxiarchos Aeroporias	-	-	-	-
10 Colonel	Syntagmatarchis	Sminarchos	Kolonel	Oberst	Pulkownik	Pukovnik
11 Lieutenant-Colonel	Antisynatgmatarchis	Antisminarchos	Luitenant-Kolonel	Oberstloytnant	Podpulkownik	Potpukovnik
12 Major	Tagmatarchis	Episminagos	Majoor	Major	Major	Major
13 Captain (I)	Lochagos	Sminagos	Kapitein	Kaptein	Kapitan	Kapetan I Klase
14 Captain (II)	-	-	-	-	-	Kapetan II Klase
15 Lieutenant (I)	Ypolochago	Yposminagos	Eerste-Luitenant	Loytnant	Porucznik	Porucnik
16 Lieutenant (II)	-	-	-	-	-	-
17 2nd Lieutenant	Anthypolochagos	Anthyposminarchos	Tweede-Luitenant	Fenrik	Podporucznik	Podporucnik
18 Ensign	-	-	-	-	-	-
19 Warrant Officer (I)	Monimos Anthypaspistia	Archisminias	Adjudant-onder-Officier	-	Chorazy	-
20 Warrant Officer (II)	-	-	-	-	-	-
21 Warrant Officer (III)	-	-	-	-	-	-
22 Warrant Officer (IV)	-	-	-	-	-	-
23 Staff Sergeant	-	-	-	Stabsersjant	-	-
24 Sergeant-Major	Monimos Epilochias	Episminias	Sergeant-Majoor	-	Starszy Sierzant	Narednik vodnik I, II, III Klase
25 Senior Sergeant	-	-	Sergeant ter 1e Klasse	-	-	Narednik
26 Sergeant	Monimos Lochias	Sminias	Sergeant	Sersjant	Sierzant	Podnarednik
27 Lance-Sergeant	-	-	-	-	Plutonowy	-
28 Staff-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
29 Corporal-Major	-	-	-	-	-	-
30 Corporal	Monimos Dekaneus	Yposminias A	Korporaal	Korporal	Kapral	Kaplar
31 Staff Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
32 Lance-Corporal-Major	-	-	-	-	-	-
33 Senior Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
34 Lance-Corporal	Efredos Dekaneus	Yposminias B	-	Visekorporal	Strszy Szeregowiec	-
35 Superior Private	-	-	-	-	-	-
36 Private 1st Class	-	-	Soldaat ter 1e klasse	-	-	-
37 Private 2nd Class	-	-	-	-	-	-
38 Private	Stratiotis	Sminitis	Soldaat	Menig	Szeregowiec	Redov
39 Cadet	-	-	-	-	Aspirant	-

Military Ranks Part V:

Ranking, Description	Romania (Army)	Romania (Air Force)
01 1st Marshal	-	-	-	-	-	-
02 Senior Marshal	Maresal al Rominia	-	-	-	-	-
03 Field Marshal	-	-	-	-	-	-
04 General (I)	General de Armata	-	-	-	-	-
05 General (II)	Generald de Corps de Armata	-	-	-	-	-
06 General (III)	-	-	-	-	-	-
07 Lieutenant-General	General de Divizie	General Commandant	-	-	-	-
08 Major-General	Generak de Brigada	General de Escadra	-	-	-	-
09 Brigadier	-	-	-	-	-	-
10 Colonel	Colonel	Commandor	-	-	-	-
11 Lieutenant-Colonel	Locotenent-Colonel	Capitan-Commandor	-	-	-	-
12 Major	Major	Locotenent-Commandor	-	-	-	-
13 Captain (I)	Capitan	Capitan	-	-	-	-
14 Captain (II)	-	-	-	-	-	-
15 Lieutenant (I)	Locotenent	Locotenent	-	-	-	-
16 Lieutenant (II)	-	-	-	-	-	-
17 2nd Lieutenant	Sublocotenent	Sublocotenent	-	-	-	-
18 Ensign	-	-	-	-	-	-
19 Warrant Officer (I)	Plutonier Adjudant	Adjudant sef Aviator	-	-	-	-
20 Warrant Officer (II)	Plutonier Maior	Adjudant Major Aviator	-	-	-	-
21 Warrant Officer (III)	Plutonier	Adjudant Aviator	-	-	-	-
22 Warrant Officer (IV)	-	Adjutant Stagiar Aviator	-	-	-	-
23 Staff Sergeant	-	-	-	-	-	-
24 Sergeant-Najor	Sergent Maior	-	-	-	-	-
25 Senior Sergeant	-	-	-	-	-	-
26 Sergeant	Sergent	Sergent	-	-	-	-
27 Lance-Sergeant	-	-	-	-	-	-
28 Staff-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
29 Corporal-Major	-	-	-	-	-	-
30 Corporal	Caporal	Caporal	-	-	-	-
31 Staff Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
32 Lance-Corporal-Major	-	-	-	-	-	-
33 Senior Lance-Corporal	-	-	-	-	-	-
34 Lance-Corporal	Fruntas	Fruntas	-	-	-	-
35 Superior Private	-	-	-	-	-	-
36 Private 1st Class	-	-	-	-	-	-
37 Private 2nd Class	-	-	-	-	-	-
38 Private	Soldat	Soldat	-	-	-	-
39 Cadet	-	-	-	-	-	-

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References and literature

The Armed Forces of World War II (Andrew Mollo)
Kampfkraft – Fighting Power (Martin van Crefeld)
Kampfkraft (Martin van Creveld)
Der Genius des Krieges (Trevor N. Dupuy)