MP44, StuG44, StG-44, MP43

German assault rifle Sturmgewehr 44 (StuG44, StG-44, MP43 or MP44)
History, development, service, specifications, statistics, pictures, video and 3D model.

Sturmgewehr 44

MP43, MP44, StuG44, StG-44, Sturmgewehr 44 or ‘vollautomatischer Karabiner Md 44’ (full-automatic carbine)
Type: Automatic assault rifle.

The Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44), also known as the MP 43 or MP 44, is a German assault rifle developed during World War II. It is widely regarded as the first modern assault rifle and had a significant influence on post-war small arms design.

Overview

– Name: Sturmgewehr 44 (meaning “assault rifle 44”)
– Other names: MP 43, MP 44
– Origin: Germany
– Design period: Early 1940s
– Introduced: 1943-1944
– Type: Select-fire assault rifle
– Caliber: 7.92×33mm Kurz (a shortened intermediate cartridge)
– Operation: Gas-operated, tilting bolt
– Rate of fire: Approximately 500-600 rounds per minute
– Effective range: Around 300-400 meters
– Magazine: Detachable 30-round box magazine

Historical Context:
The StG 44 was developed to provide German infantry with a weapon that combined the firepower of a submachine gun with the range and accuracy of a rifle. Prior to its introduction, soldiers were typically equipped with bolt-action rifles or submachine guns. The StG 44’s intermediate cartridge allowed controllable automatic fire and better performance at typical combat ranges, which were often less than 400 meters.

Development:
– Initially developed as the Maschinenpistole 43 (MP 43).
– Later renamed MP 44, and finally Sturmgewehr 44 to emphasize its role as an “assault rifle” (Sturmgewehr means “assault rifle” or “storm rifle”).
– The design was influenced by earlier German experimental weapons and the need to counter Soviet intermediate cartridge weapons like the PPSh-41 submachine gun.

Influence:
– The StG 44 is considered the first true assault rifle.
– Its design influenced many subsequent rifles, including the Soviet AK-47.
– The concept of an intermediate cartridge and select-fire capability became standard in military rifles worldwide after WWII.

The Sturmgewehr 44 was a revolutionary weapon that combined the features of rifles and submachine guns, introducing the intermediate cartridge concept and select-fire operation that shaped modern infantry weapons. Despite its late introduction and limited numbers, it had a lasting impact on small arms development globally.

History

During the 1930s the German Army spent some time assessing the basic requirements for an infantry rifle, and they came to the conclusion that the traditional rifle cartridge like for the Karabiner 98K was unnecessarily large and powerful, since analysis revealed that the vast majority of infantry rifle fire was over short ranges. As a result work began by the Deutsche Waffen & Munitionsfabrik to develop a short 7 mm caliber round; while this promised well, it was eventually stopped in favor of a 7.92 mm design by Polte of Magdeburg, since this was of standard caliber and utilized a shortened version of the normal cartridge case, features which simplified production since much of the work could be done on existing machinery.

With the design of cartridge settled, contracts were placed with Carl Walther and Haenel for the production of suitable rifles. The resulting weapons were known as the Maschinenkarabiner 42-MkB42(H) and MkB42(W). The Walther design used an annular gas piston surrounding the barrel to operate a tipping bolt, while the Haenel pattern used a more conventional gas cylinder and piston mounted below the barrel, also operating a tipping bolt. About 4,000 of the Walther and 8,000 of the Haenel model were produced in 1942-43 and issued to selected units on the Eastern Front for evaluation. As a result of their reports the Haenel pattern was selected for further development, particularly as far as simplification for mass-production was concerned, and the finalized design was issued as the Machine Pistol MP43.

The nomenclature ‘Machine Pistol’ arose not from any attempt at security but was due to internal politics. Development began under the name ‘Machine Carbine’ as we have seen with the MkB42, but in spite of favorable reports from the trials, Hitler rejected the weapon because he demanded longer range for infantry weapons, basing this decision on his alleged experiences in World War One and because he wanted, particularly for the battles in North Africa, a rifle capable of long-range fire. Moreover, according to a statement by Hauptdienstleiter Saur, then chief of the Technical Office of the German Ministry of Munitions, ‘it was also rejected on the grounds that there were, at the time, 8 milliard (eight thousand million) rounds of standard 7.92 mm ammunition in stock, and nobody would take the responsibility that these would become worthless.’

The StG-44 in Russia during 1944.

Waffen-SS cavalrymen towards the end of the war. The camouflage clothing is clearly shown. The rifle is the MP44, a weapon of very advanced design and the first automatic assault rifle.

King Tiger tank with paratroopers during the Battle of the Bulge. At least the soldier on the left is armed with the StG44.

The MP44 assault rifle with ‘vampire’ infra-red sight, tested by a British officer after the war’s end.

3D model of MP 44.

The Army Weapons Office therefore continued the development under the guise of ‘Machine Pistol 43’, development alleged before Hitler to be concerned with improvements to current machine pistol MP40 designs. Eventually experience with the first models of the MP43 (since April 1944 named MP44) on the Russian Front led to clamorous demands from the rest of the Army, and the Weapons Office, in a masterly political move, armed the personnel of the Waffen-SS Guard Detachment of Hitler’s Headquarters with the new weapon. This finally convinced Hitler of its utility, and following a demonstration in which its principal advantage – of firing full automatic during the assault phase of an attack – was demonstrated, it was officially christened the Sturmgewehr 44 or StG44, originating the term which has since become associated with this class of weapon.

The MP44 was one of the first German weapons in which production was put before finish, no importance being attached to fine appearance or close tolerances except where they were vital. Indeed, the original design (by Hugo Schmeisser) had to be considerably modified by the Merz Company of Frankfurt, who were specialists in metal pressing and stamping, to enable production to be done on simple presses. Nevertheless, the design was exceptionally robust and reliable; one German report stated: ‘Of all infantry weapons, the MP44 was the only one which always worked unobjectionable in Russia’s dirt, cold and snow-dust, had no misfires and was resistant to stop­pages.’

In spite of this, a contract was issued in 1944 to develop an even better weapon, tentatively known as the Sturmgewehr 45. Numerous designs were put forward, the most successful being that by Mauserwerke. But the war ended before development was very far advanced; the design was later taken to Spain and further developed into the CETME rifle, and then returned to Germany where, considerably improved, it is now produced as the Heckler & Koch Gewehr 3 and as well as being the standard rifle of the German Bundeswehr is widely used throughout the world.

Animated 3D model of MP44

Specifications for MP44

Specifications:

Service statistics:

References and literature

The Encyclopedia of Infantry Weapons of World War II (Ian V.Hogg)
Infanterie im 2. Weltkrieg (J.B.King, John Batchelor)
Illustriertes Lexikon der Waffen im 1. und 2. Weltkrieg (V. Dolinek, V. Francev, J. Sach)
Waffen-SS Encyclopedia (Marc J. Rikmenspoel)
The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II (Chris Bishop)